Electromyography (EMG)

Electromyography is the recording of electrical activity from muscle tissue. Muscles cells will generate action potentials when electrically stimulated or under pathological conditions. An electromyograph detects these changes in electrical activity and represents an important diagnostic tool to monitor nerve root function and muscle cell unit activity.

Electromyography recording

1. Spontaneous EMG. After recording electrodes are inserted into muscle tissue, the background EMG activity is stable and quiet under normal conditions. Spontaneous EMG activity is monitored continuously
2. Stimulated EMG
3. Single Fiber EMG

Cranial Nerves

1. Facial Nerve
2. Cranial Nerve III IV and VI
3. Other Cranial Nerves

Intraoperative Monitoring

1. Pedicle screws
2. Peripheral Nerves
3. Brachial Plexus
4. Dorsal Rhizotomy
5. Skull Base Tumor
6. Others

Anesthesia and Other Factors

1. Anesthesia Methods
2. Muscle Relaxants
3. Temperature
4. Tourniquet
5. Others